Introduction to Computing Systems: From Bits and Gates to C and Beyond
Language: English
Pages: 656
ISBN: 0072467509
Format: PDF / Kindle (mobi) / ePub
Introduction to Computing Systems: From bits & gates to C & beyond, now in its second edition, is designed to give students a better understanding of computing early in their college careers in order to give them a stronger foundation for later courses. The book is in two parts: (a) the underlying structure of a computer, and (b) programming in a high level language and programming methodology.
To understand the computer, the authors introduce the LC-3 and provide the LC-3 Simulator to give students hands-on access for testing what they learn. To develop their understanding of programming and programming methodology, they use the C programming language. The book takes a "motivated" bottom-up approach, where the students first get exposed to the big picture and then start at the bottom and build their knowledge bottom-up. Within each smaller unit, the same motivated bottom-up approach is followed. Every step of the way, students learn new things, building on what they already know. The authors feel that this approach encourages deeper understanding and downplays the need for memorizing. Students develop a greater breadth of understanding, since they see how the various parts of the computer fit together.
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must be 0. This causes B to be 0, which in turn makes a equal to 1. If we now return S to 1, it does not affect a, since B is also 0, and only one input to a NAND gate must be 0 in order to guarantee that the output of the NAND gate is 1. Thus, the latch continues to store a 1 long after S returns to 1. In the same way, we can clear the latch (set the latch to 0) by momentarily setting R to 0. We should also note that in order for the R-S latch to work properly, one must take care that it is
MDR. We are now ready for the next phase, decoding the instruction. However, when the instruction cycle is complete, and we wish to fetch the next instruction, we would like the PC to contain the address of the next instruction. Therefore, one more step the FETCH phase must perform is to increment the PC. In that way, at the completion of the execution of this instruction, the FETCH phase of the next instruction will load into IR the contents of the next memory location, provided the execution
5 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 Rl 0 1 where the two sources of the ADD instruction are specified in bits [8:6] and bits [2:0]. The destination of the ADD result is specified in bits [11:9]. Figure 5.2 shows the contents of the register file of Figure 5.1 AFTER the instruction ADD R2, R l , RO is executed. 5.1.3 The Instruction Set An instruction is made up of two things, its opcode (what the instruction is asking the computer to do) and its operands (who the computer is expected to do it to). The
we move on to the Von Neumann model of execution, then a simple computer (the LC-2), machine language programming of the LC-2, assembly language programming of the LC-2, the high level language C, recursion, pointers, arrays, and finally some elementary data structures. We do not endorse today's popular information hiding approach when it comes to learning. Information hiding is a useful productivity enhancement technique after one understands what is going on. But until one gets to that point,
is executed. Subtask 2 terminates in a branch instruction that at Address C2 unconditionally branches to D 2 + l . (Note: j corresponds to the number of instructions in subtask 1.) Figure 6.2d illustrates the control flow of the iterative decomposition. As in the case of the conditional construct, first a condition is generated, a condition code is set, and a conditional branch is executed. In this case, the condition bits of the instruction at address B3 are set to cause a conditional branch if
