Extra Dimensions in Space and Time (Multiversal Journeys)
John Terning, Itzhak Bars
Language: English
Pages: 221
ISBN: 0387776370
Format: PDF / Kindle (mobi) / ePub
In physics, the idea of extra spatial dimensions originates from Nordstöm’s 5-dimensional vector theory in 1914, followed by Kaluza-Klein theory in 1921, in an effort to unify general relativity and electromagnetism in a 5 dimensional space-time (4 dimensions for space and 1 for time). Kaluza–Klein theory didn’t generate enough interest with physicist for the next five decades, due to its problems with inconsistencies. With the advent of supergravity theory (the theory that unifies general relativity and supersymmetry theories) in late 1970’s and eventually, string theories (1980s) and M-theory (1990s), the dimensions of space-time increased to 11 (10-space and 1-time dimension).
There are two main features in this book that differentiates it from other books written about extra dimensions: The first feature is the coverage of extra dimensions in time (Two Time physics), which has not been covered in earlier books about extra dimensions. All other books mainly cover extra spatial dimensions. The second feature deals with level of presentation. The material is presented in a non-technical language followed by additional sections (in the form of appendices or footnotes) that explain the basic equations and formulas in the theories. This feature is very attractive to readers who want to find out more about the theories involved beyond the basic description for a layperson. The text is designed for scientifically literate non-specialists who want to know the latest discoveries in theoretical physics in a non-technical language. Readers with basic undergraduate background in modern physics and quantum mechanics can easily understand the technical sections.
Part I starts with an overview of the Standard Model of particles and forces, notions of Einstein’s special and general relativity, and the overall view of the universe from the Big Bang to the present epoch, and covers Two-Time physics. 2T-physics has worked correctly at all scales of physics, both macroscopic and microscopic, for which there is experimental data so far. In addition to revealing hidden information even in familiar "everyday" physics, it also makes testable predictions in lesser known physics regimes that could be analyzed at the energy scales of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN or in cosmological observations."
Part II of the book is focused on extra dimensions of space. It covers the following topics: The Popular View of Extra Dimensions, Einstein and the Fourth Dimension, Traditional Extra Dimensions, Einstein's Gravity, The Theory Formerly Known as String, Warped Extra Dimensions, and How Do We Look For Extra Dimensions?
General Relativity (Springer Undergraduate Mathematics Series)
Optimization in Practice with MATLAB®: For Engineering Students and Professionals
QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter
Foundations of Quantum Gravity
Dreams of a Final Theory: The Scientist's Search for the Ultimate Laws of Nature
feature is very attractive to readers who want to find out more about the theories involved beyond the basic description for a layperson. The text is designed for scientifically literate non-specialists who want to know the latest discoveries in theoretical physics in a non-technical language. Readers with basic undergraduate background in modern physics and quantum mechanics can easily understand the technical sections. The two parts of the book can be read independently. One can skip Part I and
physics is the heart of Part I of this book and is best described by its author, Prof. Bars: Humans normally perceive physical reality in 3 space and 1 time dimensions and this is encoded in equations of physics in 3+1 dimensions (1T-physics). However, as discussed in this book, 1T-physics systematically misses to predict certain additional real phenomena in 3+1 dimensions in the form of hidden symmetries and hidden relations between apparently different dynamical systems. 2T-physics, which is
consistent only for two times. Normally it casts shadows on a space–time with one less space and one less time dimensions. So 2T-physics in 4+2 dimensions creates shadows in 3+1 dimensions. Similarly, if M-theory in 10+1 dimensions is regarded as a shadow, then the parent 2T-physics theory would be in 11+2 dimensions. This 13-dimensional theory, which is yet to be constructed, would cast many 11-dimensional shadows with lots of relations among them. In the mid-1990s I discussed some symmetry
were only convenient mathematical approximations to the complicated interactions of quarks and gluons. Current string theorists hope that strings (and branes) are the real underlying elements behind Einstein’s gravity . . . only time will tell. Returning to gravity, in a 4-dimensional space–time the force between two small masses follows Newton’s universal law of gravitation (119), but in a D-dimensional space–time we would have F= κD2 m1 m2 . R(D−2) (138) Essentially the force of gravity
hits a ball, the electrons in the ball cannot be in the same region as any other electron, and because of quantum mechanics any electron does not exist at just a point but is spread out in space like a wave. Photons, gluons, W’s, and Z’s (all the force carriers), on the other hand, are bosons. Lasers can generate such intense light beams because you can put many identical photons, traveling exactly the same way, at the same region at the same time. The idea of force carrier bosons that can
