Earth Science: An Illustrated Guide to Science (Science Visual Resources)
Language: English
Pages: 208
ISBN: 0816061645
Format: PDF / Kindle (mobi) / ePub
Earth Science: An Illustrated Guide to Science is one of eight volumes of Facts On File's new Science Visual Resources set. Containing six sections, a comprehensive glossary, a Web site guide, and an index, Biology is an ideal learning tool for students and teachers of science. Full-colour diagrams, graphs, charts, and maps on every page illustrate the essential elements of the subject, while parallel text provides key definitions and step-by-step explanations. The six sections include: Planet Earth - considers Earth's place in the Solar System and its relationship to the Sun, the Moon, and the environment of interplanetary space. Topics covered in this section include solar and lunar eclipses, tides, seasons, and Earth's magnetic field. Earth's History - examines the basic principles used by geologists to determine the age of rocks and the use of fossil evidence in determining the sequence of geological events. There is a comprehensive survey of the history of life on Earth and a general description of each of the geological eons. through each geological period, showing the prevailing conditions and the kind of life forms that have flourished there. Earth's Rocks - is concerned with the processes that create and modify Earth's geology. The relative abundance of minerals on our planet; the formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks; and the processes of plate tectonics are examined in this section. Air and Oceans - is an overview of the shallow but complex layer of gas and water that surrounds our planet and supports all animal and plant life. The types and causes of all significant weather phenomena are covered here, as well as the intimate connections between the oceans and the atmosphere. Heat transfer between air and oceans and the planet-wide systems of circulation driven by solar energy are also explained here. Erosion and Weathering - looks at the constant wearing down of the Earth's rocks by the combined actions of the atmosphere and the oceans. the geological forms produced by the actions of rivers and glaciers are all featured in this section. Wind erosion and the formation and spread of desert landscapes are also covered. Comparisons - gives the relative scales of major planetary features, such as oceans, rivers, continents, and mountain ranges.
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Graptolites and brachiopods teemed below the waves. ● Coelenterates related to today’s jellyfish and coral polyps flourished. ● Mollusks evolved apace: bivalves resembling modern clams and oysters; gastropods (relatives of whelks and limpets); and cephalopods including straight-shelled nautiloids, which are related to modern octopus and squid. ● The seas were also home to various echinoderms: the group that includes sea urchins and starfish. ● Early vertebrates—the jawless fish— were also
volcanoes are low mud cones deposited by mud-rich water escaping from a vent. ● Solfataras are volcanic vents emitting steam and sulfurous gas. ● Mofettes are small vents emitting gases including carbon dioxide. ● Smokers are submarine hot springs at oceanic spreading ridges. Emitted sulfides build chimneys belching black smoky clouds. ● © Diagram Visual Information Ltd. Hot spring Fumarole moving water trapped water hot rock water moving water impermeable rock hot rock *03 Earths
river floodplain by a meander (1). ● As the meander increases in size, the river erodes away at the outside bend of the meander. As a result, the neck of the meander gets narrower and narrower (2). ● Eventually, the river breaks through the neck of the meander and straightens out, bypassing the meander (3). ● Dams of sediment build up between the river’s new course and the old meander, sealing the meander off and creating an oxbow lake (4). ● A river crossing a long floodplain can create many
m) 16,066 feet (4,897 m) 8,000 20,000 6,000 5,000 15,000 4,000 10,000 4,000 2,000 Aconcagua Elbrus 0 Vinson Massif McKinley Kilimanjaro Himalayas 0 Puncak Jaya –2,000 –10,000 –4,000 sea level Although Mount Everest is the highest landbased mountain, the volcano Mauna Kea on Hawaii is actually 4,441 feet (1,354 m) taller, but only 13,796 feet (4,205 m) of its total ocean floor height of 33,476 feet (10,203 m) is above sea level. © Diagram Visual Information Ltd. Locations of
activity. crest The highest point of a wave. crevasse A deep crack in a glacier. crust The hard outer layer of a solid-surfaced planet or moon. Earth’s crust consists mainly of crystalline rock and extends from the surface to the boundary with the mantle below. crystal A solid of definite chemical composition, with a characteristically ordered geometrical arrangement of atoms and faces that form naturally with external symmetry. cuesta A ridge with a steep scarp on one side and a gentle dip slope
